What Made Hatshepsut a Great Leader?

Throughout history, men typically dominated societies. Men have always appeared to have more respect and rights than women, depending on certain civilizations. In societies like Egypt, men were frequently pharaohs and today, are considered to be great rulers. Women were often expected to take the job of motherhood in Egyptian society. Although this was their anticipated responsibility, women, usually upper class and royal, were still permitted to get an education, to possess property, own businesses, have a job and be involved in military control.Women could also rule as pharaoh, which was an infrequent occurrence but did sometimes happen. Hatshepsut, for example, is one of the few women who became a pronounced leader in the ancient world. Her father, Thutmose I, was her mentor and therefore led her to success. Through the teachings of her father and educational schooling, she was destined to be a great ruler from a very early age. She learned many important tactics of ruling from Th utmose and many similarities regarding the success of their reign could be distinguished.Besides the guidance she had, her vivid personality, ambition and creative ideas reflected in art, policies and architecture made her ruling successful as she strived to achieve ma ‘at and legitimize her power as a female ruler. Although Thutmose IV attempted to carve her out of history, these circumstances made Hatshepsut’s greatness possible, as she is known as the first great female ruler in history today. Hatshepsut had many attributes about her that her siblings did not obtain. She had excellent health, a hasty mind and her father’s vigor.These qualities made her stand out and were indications that Hatshepsut was always her father’s favorite, even in her young age. She grew up under her father’s personal guidance as he was preparing her for rule. His teachings were as harsh as he would have ordered for a son, again Ancient Egypt: The Case of marking his fai th in Hatshepsut. She was trained to show respect to her parents, listen to them at all times and to respect her elders. She was taught etiquette such as to speak gently, eat gracefully, and groom herself properly.She was also taught the main prayers that are recited to the gods, which was part of the religious teachings for a royal child. She was well educated as she learned to write originally on slate and then with ink on papyrus. She had to learn all the six hundred phonetic signs. It was vital for Hatshepsut to learn the signs because it would allow her to communicate with her correspondents if she ever came to power. During Thutmose’s rule he was effective in not only war, as he was a successful warrior who re-conquered Nubia, but in peace. Egypt was thriving with progress under Thutmose.Agriculture, trade and mining were advancing rapidly as well as advancements in architecture, literature and art. One of Thutmose’s passions was building as he carried out many b uilding projects. Hatshepsut takes notice of this, as her building projects are a vital part of the greatness of her reign. His kingdom was organized and successful as the laws of ma ‘at and Thutmose’s officials kept stability. The system had developed and progressed through out one thousand years. To Hatshepsut, his ways of ruling were flawless and indestructible, which is why she later uses the same style of leadership.But in reality, Egypt was waiting for her, as she was being prepared to rule her whole life. Thutmose had given Egypt the motivation to grow, and she was always part of that. She stood by him throughout his ruler ship, gaining all the knowledge she could, which ultimately leads to her success. By a lesser wife Hatshepsut’s father and mentor, Thutmose had a son, Thutmose II. Hatshepsut married her second brother, Thutmose II, in which she gained the title â€Å"Kings daughter, Kings sister, Gods wife, and Kings great wife. † She bore him on e daughter, but no sons.After thirteen years on the throne Thutmose II died unexpectedly; the crown was passed to Thutmose III, his son born to the concubine Isis. The new king was still an infant and Isis was not considered adequately royal to act as the pharaoh. Therefore, Hatshepsut was summoned to rule on behalf of her stepson. Thutmose was crowned king but until the day Hatshepsut was deceased, the king had to compete with his stepmother-aunt. At first she acted as an advisor to the king, but being Hatshepsut was close to the throne all of her life, felt that â€Å"she had the most royal power as well as the purest royal blood in her veins. After a few years passed, Hatshepsut presumed the Double crown and made herself king. Hatshepsut had a strong and vibrant personality and intended to overshadow her half brother as well as her husband. Thutmose III was still known as co ruler, but he remained in the background. There were many difficulties regarding her gender when she firs t came into rule, but it did not hinder her greatness. The inscription cutters often made mistakes as all the royal titles were in male form. She had to legitimize herself as female ruler, as she often did through art and statues.In ancient Egypt, literacy was most commonly found among the upper class. Throughout the other social classes, literacy was rare. Therefore visuals were used by the government to inform the people and were often used as a form of propaganda. These images included monuments, sculptures and reliefs. Their purpose was to influence the public to obey the king and so that they would recognize that the king had the divine right to rule. As consort, Hatshepsut had been pleased to be represented in visuals as a traditional Egyptian woman. Hatshepsut herself affirmed that she was the most gorgeous woman in the world.Therefore, while in the position of consort, she was shown as a woman or as a woman wearing clothing associated with masculinity and being king. Two lim estone statues that have been retrieved from her famous temple, the Deir el-Bahari, display Hatshepsut dressed in the conventional head cloth and kilt worn by a king. But her physical characteristics such as a â€Å"rounded, feminine, un-bearded face, and feminine body with breasts and an indented waist† represent her femininity. As king, it was necessary for her to create an image that would establish her new role as pharaoh, while separating herself from the position of consort.In her transformation into king, she is depicted as fully masculine with the figure, clothing and accessories of man while performing male rituals. It is assumed that Hatshepsut knew her role as pharaoh could be considered unsubstantiated because of her gender and through the unusual notion in which she acquired the throne. â€Å"It seems that it is the appearance of the king that matters rather than her actual gender; it was important to Egyptians that she use the conventional iconography of power and locate herself firmly within a long history of dynamic rule. † She â€Å"reinvented herself† by portraying herself as a male pharaoh.Hatshepsut displayed this concept through statues and visuals to gain the support of the people and legitimize her power. Another way Hatshepsut â€Å"reinvented herself† to assert her power was by renaming herself Maatkare. The most important word in Hatshepsut’s new name was â€Å"maat. † Ma ‘at is an ancient Egyptian expression that refers to a pharaoh keeping Egypt in order and â€Å"preserving stability of the universe†, as ordered by the gods. Prolonging ma ‘at to guarantee the success and solidity of Egypt demanded an accredited ruler who could communicate directly with the gods.By calling herself Maatkare, Hatshepsut claimed her power as a qualified ruler on the throne. A way in which pharaohs ensured ma ‘at was by constructing monuments and building projects throughout the empire. Hatshepsut followed in her father’s footsteps as a builder and carried out some of the most impressive building projects, more ambitious than any pharaoh before her. She had a strong policy of rebuilding and restoring destroyed monuments around the empire. Through these public works projects, she built systems of important religious roads and temples.Her most famous and impressive temple was the Dier el-Bahari and is consider as one of the â€Å"architectural wonders of the ancient world†. It was a multi-purpose sanctuary with many memorials dedicated to an assortment of gods in the upper level. The lower level contained beautiful gardens and pools. The walls were decorated with massive pictures of the pharaoh proposing offerings to different gods, which ensured that she would have an incredible after life. It proved her devotion and contact with the gods, again confirming her legitimacy. Her temple walls also had depictions of her accomplishments during her supremacy. Included on these walls, was the success of her trading expedition to Punt. Hatshepsut also went about achieving ma’at in ways regarding her trading policies, another tactic in which she learned from Thutmose, as trade strived under his rule. She sent out voyages to Lebanon for wood, boosted utilization of copper and turquoise mines in Sinai, and accomplished a prosperous trading journey to Punt. Punt was an East African trading center and was a site for unusual items such as â€Å"precious resins, curious wild animals and the ever desirable ebony, ivory and gold† (page 100).Hatshepsut’s diplomat Neshy sailed with a small but well equipped army on a dangerous route to Punt. The pictures on the temple walls describe a variety of goods being traded and that after, Neshy returned home safely in triumph. In this case Hatshepsut used the military for trade, but she also used it to carry out several effective military movements. She is known as a great warrior like he r great grandmother, Ahhotep, and her father Thutmose. She used military campaigns to protect Egypt and eliminate the threats of foreigners from the south and east.These actions helped ensure that Hatshepsut’s ruling would be a time of peace and prosperity, just like her father before, and that it was. After 22 years of successful ruling, Hatshepsut dies. Thutmose III, now of age, was free to rule by himself. Near the end of Thutmose III’s rule, he tried to delete Hatshepsut from history. He carves her name and pictures out of artwork. At the Deir el-Bahari many statues and monuments of her are taken down, destroyed and then buried. Although it is apparent that he tried to erase her, it is not certain why this happened.It is assumed that Thutmose was an unenthusiastic co-regent and extremely angry that Hatshepsut stole the throne from him. Egyptologists suppose that it was a â€Å"damanatio meoriae† meaning the intentional deletion of a person’s identity, which would lead to a horrid after life. In the end, Thutmose III was not successful in permanently removing Hatshepsut from history. By the 19th century, the hieroglyphics had been interpreted and the truth about Hatshepsut’s reign was shed to light. Hatshepsut was a great ruler and there are many aspects from which her greatness derived.Not only did her father, Thutmose, instruct and mentor her but also she was extremely intelligent and well educated. She took the ideas and policies of Thutmose’s reign, and applied them into her own. Her bright personality and ambition to achieve ma ‘at through trade and building projects allowed her empire to strive. She displayed herself in visuals and statues, and even sometimes dressed like a man, to legitimize her power and gain the support of the people. She is considered the first great female ruler of Egypt and is an important and exemplary part of history today. ——————— ———————– 1 ]. Hilliard, Kristina, and Kate Wurtzel. 2009. â€Å"Power and Gender in Hatshepsut. † Art Education 62, no. 3: 25-31. [ 2 ]. Evelyn Wells, Hatshepsut (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969) p 16-91 [ 3 ]. Jacquetta Hawkes, Pharaohs of Egypt (New York: American Heritage Pub. Co. ,1965) p 58 : Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 [ 4 ]. Hilliard, Kristina, and Kate Wurtzel. 2009. â€Å"Power and Gender in Hatshepsut. † Art Education 62, no. 3: 25-31 : Coffin, Judith, Robert Stacey, Joshua Cole, and Carol Symes. Western Civilizations. Vol. 1. (New York, NY: W. W.Morton & Company, 2011) p 42-43 : Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 : Wilson, Elizabeth B. 2006. â€Å"The Queen Who Would Be King. † Smithsonian 37, no. 6: 80-87. [ 5 ]. Wilson, Elizabeth B. 2006. â€Å"The Queen Who Wou ld Be King. † Smithsonian 37, no. 6: 80-87 : Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 [ 6 ]. Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicles of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106 [ 7 ]. Joyce Tyldesley, Chronicles of the Queens of Egypt (New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 2006), p 92-106

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Seven

â€Å"He didn't even know you were there,† Sibby said. â€Å"He never even knew who hit him.† â€Å"That was the idea.† They were parked next to an abandoned Amtrak maintenance building on an old part of the train tracks that was completely hidden from the street. It was the place Miranda had started coming seven months earlier to work out all her new crazy energy and try things she couldn't practice anywhere else-Roller Derby was great for speed, balance, gymnastics, and shoving moves, but you weren't supposed to use advanced judo. Or weapons. She could make out marks from her last crossbow exercise on the side of the building, and the piece of railroad track she'd tied in a knot the day after Will rejected her was still lying on the ground. She'd never seen anyone else here, and she was sure she and Sibby would be pretty much invisible as long as they stayed parked. â€Å"Where did you learn to knock people out like that?† Sibby asked, sprawled out over the backseat. â€Å"Can you teach me?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Why not? Just one move?† â€Å"Absolutely not.† â€Å"Why did you say you were sorry after you hit him?† Miranda swiveled to face her. â€Å"It's my turn to ask questions. Who wants to kill you and why?† â€Å"Gods, I don't know. It could be a ton of people. It's not like that, how you think it is.† â€Å"What's it like then?† â€Å"It's complicated. But if we can just hang out until four in the morning, there's a place I can go.† â€Å"That's six hours from now.† â€Å"That'll give me time for at least ten more kisses.† â€Å"Well, of course. What else would you do while someone is trying to kill you besides go out and tongue tango with as many strangers as possible?† â€Å"They weren't trying to kill me, they were trying to abduct me. It's totally different. Come on, I want to do something fun. Something with boys.† â€Å"Or we could not do that.† â€Å"Look, just because you are a founding member of Down with Fun Inc. doesn't mean that the rest of us want to sign up.† â€Å"I am not a founding member of Down with Fun Inc. I like fun. But-â€Å" â€Å"Funkiller.† † – somehow the idea of wandering around while ‘a ton of people' are trying to kidnap you, doesn't sound fun to me. It sounds like a good way to get into the Guinness Book of World Records under ‘Plan, comma, World's Most Stupid. Plus innocent bystanders could get caught in the middle when the ton of people find you.† â€Å"‘If, not ‘when. And they don't care about anyone but me.† Miranda rolled her eyes and turned back around. â€Å"That's why they're called innocent bystanders. Because they were standing by you and accidentally got hurt.† â€Å"Then you should definitely get away from me. Seriously, although there's nothing I'd rather do than sit parked in a homeless person's bathroom for six hours with only you for company, I think it would be safer for both of us if I take my chances elsewhere. Like at that ice cream place we passed on the way here. Did you see the lips on the guy behind the counter? They were mythic. Drop me there and I'll be all set.† â€Å"You're so not going anywhere.† â€Å"Really? Because that sound you hear? Is me reaching for the door handle.† â€Å"Really? Because that sound you hear? Is me engaging the child lock.† In the rearview mirror, Miranda saw Sibby's eyes blaze. â€Å"You're really mean,† Sibby said. â€Å"Something horrible must have happened to you to make you so mean.† â€Å"I'm not mean. I'm just trying to keep you safe.† â€Å"Are you sure it's me you're thinking about? Not some skeleton in your closet? Like the time you-â€Å" Miranda turned up the radio. â€Å"Turn that down! I was talking and I'm the customer.† â€Å"Not anymore.† Sibby yelled really loud, â€Å"What happened to your sister?† â€Å"I don't know what you are talking about,† Miranda yelled back. â€Å"That's a lie.† Miranda didn't say anything. â€Å"I asked you before if you had a sister and you got all teary,† Sibby shouted in her ear. â€Å"Why won't you tell me?† Miranda turned down the radio. â€Å"Can you give me three good reasons why I should?† â€Å"It might make you feel better. It would give us something to talk about while we sit here. And if you don't tell me, I'm going to start guessing.† Miranda leaned her head back, checked her watch, and turned to stare out the window. â€Å"Be my guest.† â€Å"You bugged her so much she left? You bored her so much she left? Or did you drive her away with the huge stick you keep up your butt?† â€Å"Stop being tender with my feelings. Go on, tell me what you really think.† From the backseat Sibby said, â€Å"That might have been too mean. Sorry.† Miranda didn't say anything. â€Å"You don't really have a stick in your butt. You couldn't drive then, right? Ha-ha?† Silence. â€Å"But I mean, you started it. With the child-lock thing. I'm not a child. I'm fourteen.† More silence. â€Å"I said I was sorry.† In the backseat Sibby slumped, sighed. â€Å"Fine. Be that way.† Silence. Until, for no reason she could explain, Miranda said, â€Å"They died.† Sibby sat up quick now, leaning toward the front seat. â€Å"Who? Your sisters?† â€Å"Everyone. My whole family.† â€Å"Was it because of something you did?† â€Å"Yes. And because of something I didn't do. I think.† â€Å"Um, Grandma Grim, that doesn't make any sense. How can not doing something-wait, you think?. Don't you know what happened?† â€Å"I can't really remember anything from that part of my life.† â€Å"You mean from that day?† â€Å"No. From that year. And the year after. Anything pretty much from when I was ten until when I turned twelve. And there are a few other holes, too.† â€Å"You mean that stuff is just too painful to remember?† â€Å"No, it's just†¦ gone. All I have are impressions.† And the dreams. Really really bad dreams. â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Like that I wasn't where I should have been and something happened and I let everyone down†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, waved a hand in the air. â€Å"Wait, you actually think you could have stopped whatever happened to them? By yourself? When you were four years younger than me?† Miranda's throat felt like it was closing up. She'd never told anyone even that much of her real history before, never talked about it, not even with Kenzi. Ever. She swallowed hard. â€Å"I could have tried. I could have been there and tried.† â€Å"Oh my gods, now this is some kind of pity party. Yawn. Wake me when you're done.† Miranda gaped at her in the mirror. â€Å"I told you I didn't want to talk about it but you kept bugging me and now you turn into the mayor of TellItLikeItIsVille?† Swallowing again. â€Å"You little-â€Å" â€Å"You don't even know what happened! How can you feel so bad about it? Plus, I don't see how that can be your fault. You weren't even there and you were only ten. I think you should stop obsessing about some mystery thing that is ancient history and live in the mo.† â€Å"I'm sorry, did you just tell me to ‘live in the mo'?† â€Å"Yes. You know, ditch the past and try focusing on what's going on in the present. Like that the song on the radio right now? Sucks. And that there is a whole city of cute boys out there I am not kissing.† Miranda took a deep breath, but before she could say anything, Sibby went on. â€Å"I know, I know you say you're sorry to the people you knock out because you never got to say sorry to your family, and you have to keep me safe because you couldn't keep them safe. I get it now.† â€Å"That is not what's going on. I-â€Å" â€Å"Blah blah blah, insert denials here. Anyway, why does ‘safe' have to mean sitting in this car with you all night? Isn't there somewhere we could blend in? Instead of hiding? I'm good at blending. I'm like butter.† â€Å"Oh yeah, you're totally like butter. In fact, in your Madonna-called-and-she-wants-her-costume-from-the-‘Borderline'-video-back outfit, you're practically invisible.† â€Å"Good one, Funkiller. Come on, let's go somewhere.† Miranda turned all the way around in her seat and said, â€Å"Let me sound it out for you. Someone. Is. Trying. To. Kill. You.† â€Å"No. They. Are. Not. You keep saying that, but I've told you. They can't kill me. You should really work on this obsession you have with people getting killed. And I have to be honest with you, I'm getting bored. What do you have the radio set to, K-CRAP? There is no way we are staying in this car for six hours.† Miranda had to agree with her. Because if they did, it was now clear she'd kill Sibby herself. That's when she thought of the perfect place for them to go. â€Å"You want to blend in?† she asked. â€Å"Yes. With boys.† â€Å"Guys,† Miranda said. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Normal American girls from this century call them guys, not boys. If you want to blend in.† For a second, Sibby looked shocked. Then she gave a little smile. â€Å"Oh. Yes. Guys.† â€Å"‘Yeah, not ‘yes. Unless you're talking to a grown-up.† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And it's ‘Oh my God' or ‘God, not ‘gods. â€Å" â€Å"Did I-?† â€Å"Yeah. And no one ever has or ever will say, ‘live in the mo. â€Å" â€Å"Just wait.† â€Å"No. Never. Oh, and no paying guys for kisses. You don't need to. They should feel lucky to kiss you.† Sibby frowned. â€Å"Why are you being so nice to me and helping me? You don't even like me.† â€Å"Because I know what it's like to be far from home, alone, trying to fit in. And to never be able to tell anyone the truth about who you are.† After they'd been driving in silence for a few minutes, Sibby said, â€Å"Have you ever killed someone with your bare hands?† Miranda looked at her in the rearview. â€Å"Not yet.† â€Å"Ha-ha.†

Service Quality Between Internal Customers and Internal Suppliers in Essay

Service Quality Between Internal Customers and Internal Suppliers in an International Airline - Essay Example Flowchart A. Flowchart of front-end operations of British Airways B. Back end operations of British Airways Significance of service encounter Service encounter can also be described as the moment of truth. Service encounter happens when a customer comes in contact with the product or service of a company. It can also be defined as the consumer touch point. In the airline industry, there are many service encounters. Starting from information seeking for flights to exit from the destination, a customer is exposed to numerous customer touch points. These touch points can be categorized into the front end and back end. Booking and order taking The process of service encounter start when a customer is seeking information through various sources. These sources can be telephonic assistance, online websites and customer services. In this case, it is very important that the market established effective and easy means of communication so that information search will be easy and user-friendly. In order to make the customer decision-making process in favour of the company, it is crucial to have an effective advertising strategy. This strategy should include the product features, benefits and services provided by the brand. Searching and booking through online websites is becoming a popular trend in recent years (Gillen and Morrison, 2005). In order to maximize this opportunity, the website of the airline brand should be attractive, user-friendly and easily accessible on the internet. Even though the internet provides easy and cheap access to information, many times consumers expect additional information on ticket prices, flight schedules etc, in case of any changes. In this case, the service encounter is the customer and support services provided by the company. Order taking can be online or offline. Giving orders for reservations makes the journey easy and relaxed, without any hitches.

Chinese and Western Landscape painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Bank of America - Case Study Example This paper analyzes the organizational and customer value situation of the bank with a view to making strategic proposals for improvement. The fact that BOA is a multinational corporation operating in several countries of the world gives them the upper hand over their competitors who have no global footprint. BOA’s global presence opens doors for unbounded opportunities for the bank to grow their revenues and profits(Degryse & Ongena, 2002). However, the global presence of the bank poses formidable challenges to the corporation. One of these challenges is to be found in the area of human resources. The bank must comply with the specific labor laws of every country where they operate. This is a daunting task with serious implications on the banks resources. Compliance with employment laws can be even more demanding where a country is divided into regions or states, and each has their labour laws(Degryse & Ongena, 2002). For example, each of the fifty or so states of the United States has their laws that govern employment. The bank must comply with the laws of all these states. Not doing so could result in legal suits that could cost the corporation a lot of money. Besides labor laws, the bank must comply with the taxation requirements of all the countries where they operate. Again, this is a demanding task that if not well managed could cost the corporation. Compared to two of their majorcompetitors, namely J.P. Morgan Chase Bank and Federal Credit Union (CFE), BOA is quite competitive. The main source of this competitive edge, though narrow, is the ban’s charges compared to what their rivals charge(Weinstein, Clasen, Lorenzo, & Roberson, 2014). For instance, with respect to a 48-month, car loan, BOA charges interest at the rate of 2.24% against Chase Bank’s 2.33% and CFE’s 3.35%. While this difference might appear marginally, it makes all the difference in a competitive environment with

Encryption Exploitation Technologies Research Paper

Encryption Exploitation Technologies - Research Paper Example It is in this regard that organizations have come up with security policies which define how data should be secured for confidentiality, authenticity, privacy, integrity, access control and nonrepudiation (Knott & Steube, 2011). The process of encryption employs different methods with a view of ensuring that information in its original and natural format is altered or converted into formats which cannot be read by systems attackers. Hence encryption is basically viewed at ascertaining that it is only the intended receivers who are able to read the message. This research paper gives a critical discussion of the nature and approaches of execution of the common methods that are used in the exploitation of encryption technologies. Symmetric Encryption Symmetric encryption is one of the major methods that are used in computer security in the exploitation of encryption technologies. In symmetric encryption, both the receiver and the sender of data or information have the same key or encryp tion key (Ackerman, 2008). In this regard, symmetric encryption is also known as shared secret encryption or shared key encryption (Lian, Liu, Ren & Wang, 2007). The encryption key in symmetric encryption method is applied both when encrypting and decrypting data. The security behind symmetric encryption lies in the fact that it is only the individuals with the same key who are able access and read data, information or messages which have been encrypted by the use of the symmetric key (Knott & Steube, 2011). Symmetric encryption has existed as the oldest methods on utilizing encryption technologies. It is essentially used for secure transmission of data. As a result, data that has been transmitted through the symmetric encryption is said to be confidential (Bhargava, Shi & Wang, 2007). In this sense confidentiality means that the understanding of meaning which is carried within the data can only be achieved by systems or individuals that share the same key. In this regard, it is evi dent that symmetric encryption is aimed at preventing unauthorized entities from understanding data rather than preventing them from accessing it (Dent, 2008). Therefore even if attackers access data, they are not able to understand its meaning since it is encrypted (Ackerman, 2008). Figure 1: Symmetric Encryption (PacketLife.net, 2010) It is important to note that encrypted data remains to be data. What changes is the inability for unauthorized entities to have and understanding or acquires the meaning that is contained therein (Moore, 2007). Due to encryption, the purpose of messages serves only the intended recipients (Al-Riyami, Malone-Lee & Smart, 2009). Symmetric encryption makes use of various algorithms. An encryption algorithm the word used to describe the mathematical formula which is employed in both the encryption and decryption of data files during the process of electronic data transfer or communication (Toubba, 2008). It is therefore the function of the encryption alg orithm to convert electronic formats of data into formats that are difficult to understand by the unintended audience. Since the intended receivers have the same key as the sender, symmetric methods in encryption allows them to read and comprehend the encrypted data. This is made possible by the use of the key and the symmetric algorithm to

World Bank Anti-Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Bank Anti-Corruption - Essay Example Across several studies it has been shown that one standard deviation above the mean of corruption lowers investment rates by approximately three points, and lowers the average growth by almost one point per year (Kaufmann & Vicente, 2005). The World Bank (WB) seeks to monitor corruption across aided projects and developing nations (WB, 2006 a, b). To enable this to occur, the WB employs a multi-disciplinary staff with almost half of its employees located in country offices, who actively contribute to international policy formation (WB, 2006b). This paper is a formal application to the WB to demonstrate understanding of corruption issues and commitment to upholding anti-corruption business practices as determined by the WB. Firstly, a clear definition of corruption for this paper will be presented. Secondly, developing countries that currently experiences corruption will be highlighted. Thirdly, WB anti-corruption policies and protocols will be discussed, including a brief about anti-corruption considerations as a WB staff member. Next, the ability of the WB to address corruption will be debated, and best practices from around the globe will be outlined. Then, suggestions as to how the WB could effectively tackle corruption will be proposed. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main points and demonstrate that this application aligns with the WB ethos of anti-corruption. Traditionall Traditionally, corruption has been defined in terms of 'the abuse of public office for private gain' (Kaufmann & Vicente, 2005). In this regard, corruption is viewed illegal, such as in the form of administration bribery, fraud or misappropriation of resources (Kaufmann & Vicente, 2005; WB, 2006a). Recently though, the term corruption has become associated with other less obvious acts, such as complicity between representatives of both the public and the private sectors. Further, collusion between parties may be considered a legal activity in some countries, such as lobbying contributions that allow legislations to be passed.Kaufmann and Vicente suggest an alternate definition to clarify corporate corruption, which in turn affects public corruption. Corruption can thus be described as "a collusive agreement between a part of the agents of the economy who, as a consequence, are able to swap [over time] in terms of positions of power (i.e. are able to capture, together, t he allocation process of the economy) (2). In this form, corruption represents high-level 'influence,' extending on the act of bribery and reflects "a particular sharing pattern of the joint payoff from the referred relationship" (3). They provide the example of a politician with strong business relationships within the private sector that are exploited for the benefit of each party, also known colloquially as "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours". Kaufmann and Vicente's comprehensive and salient definition will be used for this paper.With regard to nations that are acknowledged to have experienced widespread corruption, they include Bangladesh, Indonesia, Chile, Paraguay, Lithuania and Russia, as just a few of the countries noted by the WB to have had extensive corruption practices (WB, 2006e). These nations have firms and individuals listed as ineligible for future WB aid for a proscribed period as they were identified as having broken anti-corruption standards as determined b y the Procurement Guidelines or the Consultants Guidelines,