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Question: Describe three three similar Diseases Disuss why are they Similar and how they are differentially Diagnosed. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the differential diagnosis of three similar diseases to HIV including AIDS, Syphilis and Systemic lupus erythromatoses (SLE). Differential diagnosis refers to the process of distinguishing between different diseases that manifest as similar symptoms. Similar disease symptoms HIV is caused by human immunodeficiency virus that suppresses immune system. It is spread by unprotected sex and the later stage of HIV is known as Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is infection and AIDS is syndrome. On the contrary, syphilis is the bacterial infection, which is also spread through sexual contact. Both HIV and syphilis are transmitted by childbirth, anal and vaginal sex. Unlike HIV, syphilis is curable and can be treated with antibiotics (Sea et al. 2015). SLE is a representative of autoimmune disease and is initiated by virus. Both HIV and SLE is caused by retroviruses (Kao et al. 2014). The early symptoms of HIV are flu like symptoms, fever, sores and skin rash and are followed by many years where there are no symptoms. Symptoms of AIDS are similar to damaged immune system caused by infection and are manifested after severe infection from HIV (ElKalmi et al., 2015). Primary syphilis symptoms also manifest as sores around mouth, genitals and rectum. Secondary syphilis symptoms include severe skin rash and sores. However, there are no flu like symptoms. Both HIV and syphilis can infect anywhere on the body (Sea et al. 2015). The similarity between HIV and SLE comes from symptoms including abnormalities in T cell, i.e, CD4? and CD8? T cell dysfunction. Both the diseases lead to changes in the cytokines and chemokines and polyclonal B cell activation. Skin rashes and ulcers in mouth are also common in SLE like HIV (Kao et al. 2014). In some cases the symptoms of syphilis mimics SLE. These symptoms make the disease appear similar and the diagnosis tricky. Diagnosis HIV can be diagnosed by HIV tests involving blood tests and collection of swab of sores looking for antibodies and viral proteins. A patient with HIV decreases the normal CD4 count 500-1,200.During AIDS, these count drops to 200 (ElKalmi et al., 2015). However, the diagnosis of syphilis also involves swabbing an open sores and presence of bacteria will rule out HIV. HIV is diagnosed within days of transmission. AIDS is diagnosed only in later stage of infection. Whereas, syphilis can be diagnosed after 10-90 days of transmission (Pathela et al. 2015). On the other hand, SLE is diagnosed by blood tests, urinalysis, chest X ray, antibody tests and blood test. SLE can be ruled out by presence of butterfly rash, physical exam involving loss of hair, mucous membrane ulcer and arthritis (Kao et al. 2014). References ElKalmi, R.M., Al-Shami, A.K., Alkoudmani, R.M., Al-Syed, T., Al-Lela, O.Q.B. and Patel, I., 2015. Knowledge, Attitudes and Risk Perceptions towards Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Among Health Sciences Students in a Public University, Malaysia.Nursing,18, pp.7-6. Kao, J.K., Fu, C.H., Lee, M.S., Shieh, J.J. and Yang, S.C., 2014. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Misdiagnosed as HIV Infection in a Teenager: A Case Report.The Changhua Journal of Medicine,12(2), pp.77-81. Pathela, P., Braunstein, S.L., Blank, S., Shepard, C. and Schillinger, J.A., 2015. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men.Clinical Infectious Diseases,61(2), pp.281-287. Sea, A.C., Zhang, X.H., Li, T., Zheng, H.P., Yang, B., Yang, L.G., Salazar, J.C., Cohen, M.S., Moody, M.A., Radolf, J.D. and Tucker, J.D., 2015. A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy.BMC infectious diseases,15(1), p.479.